Adolescence
Transition stage between late childhood and early adulthood
Sexual maturity is attained at this time
Puberty--attainment of sexual maturity and ability to reproduce
Health, nutrition, genetics play a role in onset and progression of puberty
Physical Maturation
Secondary sex characteristics are the physical characteristics other than genital, that indicate sexual maturity, such as body hair, breasts, and deepened voice
Adaptation at puberty requires an integration of biological, psychological, and social changes
The degree to which one’s body matches the desired or socially valued body build of the culture influences social acceptance by peers and adults
Puberty
the time between the first on rush of hormones and full adult physical development
puberty usually last three to five years
many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity
Social Relationships
Parent-child relationship is usually positive
May have some periods of friction
Peers become increasingly important
Peer influence may not be as bad as most people think. Adolescents tend to have friends of similar age, race, social class, and with same religious beliefs
Adult Development
Menarche
a girl’s first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible
Spermarche
a boy’s first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. may occur during sleep or via direct stimulation
Growing Bigger and Stronger
growth spurt
the relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty… each body part increases size on a schedule; weight usually precedes height, and the limbs precede the torso
Growing Bigger and Stronger
growth proceeds from the extremities to the core
fingers and toes lengthen before the hands and feet
the torso is the last body part to grow
temporarily big-footed, long-legged, and short-waisted
Sequence: Weight, Height, Muscles
bones lengthen and harden
children eat more and gain weight
when, where, and how much weight depends on heredity, diet, exercise and gender
girls gain much more fat than boys
by age 17 the average girl has twice as much as her male classmate
Other body changes
organs grow and become more efficient
lungs triple in weight
adolescents breathe more deeply and slowly
the heart doubles in size and beats more slowly
blood pressure and volume both increase
weight and height increase before the growth of muscles and internal organs
Before the adolescent period, it is important to have friends, but not as important to be a member of a definable group
Cliques are small friendship groups of 5 to 10 friends, and these groups provide the framework for frequent interactions both within school and in the neighborhood
A crowd refers to a large group that is usually recognized by a few predominant characteristics such as their orientation toward academics, involvement in athletics, use of drugs, or involvement in deviant behavior
Popularity and acceptance into a peer group at the high school may be based on one or more of the following characteristics: good looks, athletic ability, social class, academic performance, future goals, affiliation with a religious, racial, or ethnic group, special talents, involvement with drugs or deviant behavior, general alienation from school
Membership in cliques is relatively stable, but always vulnerable to change
Peer Statuses within Peer Relationships:
Popular children: frequently nominated as best friend & rarely disliked by their peers
Neglected children: infrequently nominated as best friend but are not disliked by peers
Rejected children: infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend & actively disliked by their peers
Controversial children: frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend & as being disliked
Gender Identity: The Role of Culture
Acquisition of a set of beliefs, attitudes, and values about oneself as a man or a woman in many areas of social life, including intimate relationship, family, work, community, and religion
All cultures construct gender-differentiated roles, and people expect one another to behave in certain ways because they are male or female
Others argue that men and women should be considered equal, but that they should be treated in ways that take into account differences in their needs and capacities
Gender Identity:
Notions of physical attractiveness become more salient during this time
Maturation of the hormonal system, which influences emotional arousal as well as sexual urges, contributes to the development of one’s gender identity
If later adolescents become aware that their gender prevents them from having access to resources, influence, and decision-making authority, they are likely to experience a decline in their gender-role preference
Adolescence
Physical changes of puberty
Adolescent growth spurt
Heightened sexual and romantic interest
Peers become more important than parents
Cognitively – capable of abstract reasoning
Ponders abstract issues like justice or equality
No clear cut end to adolescence in society
Cognitive development
Formal operations stage entered
Ability to use abstract concepts
Shift to stage varies among individuals; some never reach this stage, others reach it in early adulthood
Adolescent egocentrism
Imaginary audience – everyone is watching
Personal fable – belief that s/he is unique
Hypocrisy – okay for one to do it but not another
Pseudostupidity – use of oversimplified logic
Social development
Time of drifting or breaking away from family
Emotional development
G. Stanley Hall – time of storm and stress
Most adolescents are happy, well-adjusted
Areas of problems
Parent-child conflicts
Mood changes - self-conscious, awkward, lonely, ignored
Risky behavior - aggression, unprotected sex, suicide, use of substances or alcohol
The Self
Development of Self-Understanding - In middle and late childhood, self-understanding increasingly shifts from defining oneself through external to internal characteristics
Children not only recognize differences between inner & outer states, but also are more likely to include subject & inner states in their definition of self
Role of Perspective Taking in Self-Understanding - ability to assume another person’s perspective & understand his or her thoughts and feelings
plays an important part in self-understanding
Self-Esteem and Self-Concept
Self-esteem refers to global evaluations of the self, and is also known as self-worth or self-image
Self-concept refers to domain- specific evaluations of the self
such as academic, athletic and appearance
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development 3 Stages
Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning child shows
no internalization of moral values & is controlled by
external rewards & punishments.
Level 2: Conventional Reasoning individual
abides by certain standards (internal), but they are
the standards of others (external), such as parents
or laws of society
Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning morality is
completely internalized & not based on others’
standards-person recognizes alternative moral
courses, explores options, & then decides on a
moral code
Adulthood
Young adulthood through older adulthood
Developmental
changes continue throughout
adulthood: not a single phase of life
Taking
on adult responsibilities in work and social
relationships
Challenges:
love, work, play continue changing
Physical development
Growth and strength in early adulthood,
then slow process of decline afterwards
Speed and endurance
Vision and ability to see in weak lighting
Hearing and detection of tones
Taste – intact until later in life; men tend to
lose hearing and taste earlier than women
Decline affected by health and lifestyles
Cognitive development
Continues
throughout adulthood;
some abilities improve while others
decline
Fluid intelligence peaks in 20s, declines
thereafter
Crystallized intelligence improves until
30s; then declines slowly afterwards
Overall, individual rates vary depending
on lifestyle and health
Emotional and social development
Many aspects of personality are fairly
stable over time, and changes are
predictable
On average, adults become less anxious and emotional, socially outgoing, and creativePeople become more dependable,agreeable, and accepting of life’s hardships
Gender differences lessen over time Much
disagreement about when and how changes occur during aging –differences between stages of infant/child development and adultdevelopment. Not all adults go through every stage Order of stages can vary for individuals Timing of stages not controlled by
biological maturation
Stages of Adult Life
Early adulthood
Erikson
Intimacy versus isolation (17 to 45 years)
Levinson - Early adulthood has three
stages
Age 30 transition (28-33)
Entry into early adulthood (17-28)
Culmination of early adulthood (to age 40)
Challenges of career, marriage, and
parenthood
Middle Adulthood
Erikson –
Generativity versus stagnation (40-65 years)
Levinson – four brief stages
Taking stock of what one has, who s/he is Some are happy, some are disappointed Generativity – reaching out, not self-centeredMidlife transition (early 40s)
Entry to middle adulthood stage (45 to 50)
Age 50 transition
Culmination of middle adulthood
Climactic –
Female sexual ability to reproduce declines
Not all adult development timed by social clock rather than biological clock
Later Adulthood
Erikson (age 65 and onward)
Integrity versus despair
Looks back over life as a whole: satisfyingexistence or merely staying alive Levinson devotes little to later years
Life expectancy dramatically increased as have conceptions of old age many have healthy years after retirement
Second careers and activism launched
Death and Dying: The Final Stage
Kübler-Ross – five stages
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
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