INTELLIGENCE
The word intelligence is derived from the Latin word meaning – to understand -. In simple terms it is COGNITION or MENTAL ABILITY.
Father of Intelligence Testing – Alfred Binet.
DEFINITIONS:
A judgment of commonsense, initiative, the ability to adjust to oneself, to judge well, to understand well and to reason out well. - Binet
It is the aggregate global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment. – David Wechsler
Intelligence is the ability to think abstractly - Terman
General adaptability to new problems and conditions of life – William Sterm
INTELLIGENCE
Summerised:
Ability to Adjust to any new situation
Ability to Solve new problems &
Ability to Understand new ideas
I.Q. LEVELS
Less than 20 : Profound mental retardation
21-35 : Severe mental retardation
36-50 : Moderate mental retardation
51-70 : Mild mental retardation
71-90 : Slow learner
91-110 : Average Intelligence
111-120 : Superior Intelligence
121-140 : Very Superior Intelligence
140 above : Gifted
TWO FACTOR THEORY – Charles Spearman
To him, intelligence has
A General factor, called (g) and
A Specific factor, called (s)
(g) is the specific factor, everyone has, though vary – it is INNATE, uneducable. It is not general intelligence. (but a general unique mental energy)
(s) can be compared to large number of engines, any, or all can be activated, educated.
MULTIFACTOR THEORY[E.L. Thorndike]
To him, intelligence is nothing but specific [S-R] relations; so it is only general intelligence.
Level: level of difficulty of the problem
Range: Number of tasks at a particular difficulty level
Area: Total number of situations
Speed-Quickness: of answering the best items
Levels are;
Abstract: Ability to understand & Manipulate things
Mechanical: Ability to Manage things
Social: Ability to (Abstract above) human relations in society
L.L. Thurstone [Group Factor theory]
PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES [PMA test]
Verbal Comprehension [V]: disarranged sentences > back to proper form
Word Fluency [W]: To name words beginning with given letter > rhyming
Number [N]: Basic mathematics [a/s/m/d]
Space [S]: is the ability to deal with visual relationships in two or three dimensions; to draw design from memorised images
Memory[M]: Efficiency to recall> Association
Perceptual Speed[P]: Find similarities & differences between pictured objects
Reasoning[R]: Find principle to solve problem. [2,5,6,9,10, __ ]
J.P. Guilford [Factor Analysis]
In Guilford's Structure of Intellect (SI) theory, intelligence is viewed as comprising
OPERATIONS, CONTENTS, AND PRODUCTS.
There are 6 kinds of operations (cognition, memory recording, memory retention divergent production, convergent production, evaluation),
6 kinds of products (units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications), and
5 kinds of contents (visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, behavioral).
Since each of these dimensions is independent, there are theoretically 180 different components
J.P. Guilford [Factor Analysis]
How useful Guilford for TESTS?
Evaluation of semantic units (Judge concept)
Eg.Which of the following objects best satisfies the criteria, hard and round: an iron, a button, a tennis ball or a lightbulb?
Divergent production of semantic units
Eg. list all items they can think of that are round and hard in a given time period.
Divergent production of symbolic units
Eg. a different content category, namely words (e.g., "List all words that end in 'tion').
Generation ideas based on relation
ships. An example test item for this ability would be providing the missing word for the sentence: "The fog is as ____ as sponge" (e.g., heavy, damp, full).
Triarchic Theory - Sternberg
Practical(Contextual) intelligence--the ability to do well in informal and formal educational settings; adapting to and shaping one's environment; street smarts.
Experiential intelligence--the ability to deal with novel situations; the ability to effectively automate ways of dealing with novel situations so they are easily handled in the future; the ability to think in novel ways.
Componential intelligence--the ability to process information effectively. This includes metacognitive, executive, performance, and knowledge-acquisition components that help to steer cognitive processes.
The word intelligence is derived from the Latin word meaning – to understand -. In simple terms it is COGNITION or MENTAL ABILITY.
Father of Intelligence Testing – Alfred Binet.
DEFINITIONS:
A judgment of commonsense, initiative, the ability to adjust to oneself, to judge well, to understand well and to reason out well. - Binet
It is the aggregate global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment. – David Wechsler
Intelligence is the ability to think abstractly - Terman
General adaptability to new problems and conditions of life – William Sterm
INTELLIGENCE
Summerised:
Ability to Adjust to any new situation
Ability to Solve new problems &
Ability to Understand new ideas
I.Q. LEVELS
Less than 20 : Profound mental retardation
21-35 : Severe mental retardation
36-50 : Moderate mental retardation
51-70 : Mild mental retardation
71-90 : Slow learner
91-110 : Average Intelligence
111-120 : Superior Intelligence
121-140 : Very Superior Intelligence
140 above : Gifted
TWO FACTOR THEORY – Charles Spearman
To him, intelligence has
A General factor, called (g) and
A Specific factor, called (s)
(g) is the specific factor, everyone has, though vary – it is INNATE, uneducable. It is not general intelligence. (but a general unique mental energy)
(s) can be compared to large number of engines, any, or all can be activated, educated.
MULTIFACTOR THEORY[E.L. Thorndike]
To him, intelligence is nothing but specific [S-R] relations; so it is only general intelligence.
Level: level of difficulty of the problem
Range: Number of tasks at a particular difficulty level
Area: Total number of situations
Speed-Quickness: of answering the best items
Levels are;
Abstract: Ability to understand & Manipulate things
Mechanical: Ability to Manage things
Social: Ability to (Abstract above) human relations in society
L.L. Thurstone [Group Factor theory]
PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES [PMA test]
Verbal Comprehension [V]: disarranged sentences > back to proper form
Word Fluency [W]: To name words beginning with given letter > rhyming
Number [N]: Basic mathematics [a/s/m/d]
Space [S]: is the ability to deal with visual relationships in two or three dimensions; to draw design from memorised images
Memory[M]: Efficiency to recall> Association
Perceptual Speed[P]: Find similarities & differences between pictured objects
Reasoning[R]: Find principle to solve problem. [2,5,6,9,10, __ ]
J.P. Guilford [Factor Analysis]
In Guilford's Structure of Intellect (SI) theory, intelligence is viewed as comprising
OPERATIONS, CONTENTS, AND PRODUCTS.
There are 6 kinds of operations (cognition, memory recording, memory retention divergent production, convergent production, evaluation),
6 kinds of products (units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications), and
5 kinds of contents (visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, behavioral).
Since each of these dimensions is independent, there are theoretically 180 different components
J.P. Guilford [Factor Analysis]
How useful Guilford for TESTS?
Evaluation of semantic units (Judge concept)
Eg.Which of the following objects best satisfies the criteria, hard and round: an iron, a button, a tennis ball or a lightbulb?
Divergent production of semantic units
Eg. list all items they can think of that are round and hard in a given time period.
Divergent production of symbolic units
Eg. a different content category, namely words (e.g., "List all words that end in 'tion').
Generation ideas based on relation
ships. An example test item for this ability would be providing the missing word for the sentence: "The fog is as ____ as sponge" (e.g., heavy, damp, full).
Triarchic Theory - Sternberg
Practical(Contextual) intelligence--the ability to do well in informal and formal educational settings; adapting to and shaping one's environment; street smarts.
Experiential intelligence--the ability to deal with novel situations; the ability to effectively automate ways of dealing with novel situations so they are easily handled in the future; the ability to think in novel ways.
Componential intelligence--the ability to process information effectively. This includes metacognitive, executive, performance, and knowledge-acquisition components that help to steer cognitive processes.
No comments:
Post a Comment